Human Resource Planning

Benefits of having HR plans within an organisation
It is important for organisations to have a HR plan because it links to the main mission statement of the organisation as well as the goals which the organisation is trying to achieve (Work 911 2010).
In order to be able to meet the mission statement or goals, it is important for the HR department to recruit the right people for the job as well as knowing the number of people needed for the job. HR need to plan and figure out the type of people needed for the job and what skills and experience needed. In order for them to do this they need to draw up a job description and a person specification so people will know whether the job is more suited for them or not. During the recruiting process, HR will have a wide variety of people to select from who have the right skills and experience for the job. HR also need to plan for any training purposes for the new employees because they need to know how to work around the environment as well as knowing how to use all the equipment. There will also be employees who need re-training either for getting promoted or if they need to learn how to operate a new piece of technology. If employees want to aim higher in their career, it is important for the HR to plan ahead and give all the employees an equal opportunity to aim higher and get promoted. If their is skill shortages, HR needs to be prepared to solve the problem by recruiting more employees who have the right skill and experience.
If an organisation didn't have HR plans it would drag them down as it could lead to recruiting inexperienced people who have to skills at all. If this happens, the organisation could lose a lot of money because eventually the manager will have to fire the employee due to their lack of skills. Without a HR plan, it would be difficult to identify any skill shortages which means that current employees might have to work over time and this could end up de-motivating them if they work too hard. Employees are bound to come up to the HR managers and cause problems about their pay and therefore it is important that they are prepared with any problem solving. But they also have to make sure that they give the correct wage amount in the first place so it saves from any conflict occurring.

Person specification for a university lecturer
Post title- Lecturer (people and organisation)

Physical make-up
Essential- Own choice of wardrobe
Desirable- Dress smartly

Attainments
Essential- Degree in business and management
Training course certificate for teaching
Experience in teaching people and organisation module


Intelligence
Essential- Be able to work under pressure with university students
Desirable- To be able to pick up the latest news which is relevant to the module

Special aptitudes
Essential- Good listener
Solve students problems with work
Mark assignments in time
Being able to deliver power point presentations in an understandable manner
Be able to operate Blogger
Work with micro soft
Desirable- Good team working skills with colleagues

Interest

Essential- Be intellectual in people and organisation

Desirable- Making the lessons fun at times by making the students learn via playing a game

Disposition

Essential- Be motivational towards students

Don't rely on other members of staff to prepare the lesson

High sense of maturity towards work

Desirable- Humour with students and staff

Circumstances

Essential- Teach twice a week

Be able to travel to and back from work on own transport

Desirable- Ability to work on your own

Prepare work for students before lessons start

(M.Foot, C.Hook 2008)

Five key labour question for Waitrose

If Waitrose was considering in opening a new store in High Wycombe, the type of labour questions that should be asked are the following:

• How many employees will be working at the store? The reason why this would be an important question is because they need to know roughly how big the store is going to be so they can hire the right amount of people to work in the store.
• Who are the near by competitors? It is vital for the company to know who their competition are because if they don't match up to their competitors, customers will end up going to other companies who are offering their products at cheaper prices.
• Can people get easy public transport to the store? There are some people who tend to make their way around via public transport and therefore it would be better if there are close bus stops near by or even taxi spots. The employees must also be able to find the location easy to access by public transport or a staff car park should be provided for them if the employees travel by car.
• How much will the employees be paid? employees who will be working for the company will be interested in knowing how the pay is going to be like.
• How many hours will an employee work in a week? it is important that the manager doesn't make the employees work over time as they will get too tired to work the following day or week. If employees are asked to work over time all the time, it could lead to de-motivated staff.
• What is the unemployement level? If the unemployment level is high, Waitrose will have a wide range of people to recruit and select the skilled and more experienced people for the job

Conclusion

Over all HR planning is important for an organisation because it allows them to measure and see the number of people that needs to be recurited for the job. HR planning also allows to identify if there is any skill shortages, and if there is; the correct training can be provided for the employees so they pick up their skills and continue to work for the organisation. In case of any early retirement, HR plans allows to recruit new people to fill in for their job role.

Reference:

• (Work 911 (2010) What is human resource planning [online] available at: http://work911.com/planningmaster/faq/hrdefinition.htm [accessed at: 30/01/10])
• (M.Foot, C.Hook (2008) People and organisation. How to write a person specification. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex. Page 94)

Role of the line manager

Benefits and drawbacks of line managers being involved with the HR activities
The line managers are responsible for making all the important decisions for the business or organisation and they manage everything within the business. It is their job to make sure that all the employees are well behaved and do their jobs properly. It is important for the line managers to have good communication skills so they can communicate well with their employees and give clear instructions to them. (M.Farmer, W.Yelloley 2008). The roles of human resources is to recruit the correct employee who is most suited for the job role. They are also in charge of firing employees who are not doing good with their job even after all the training provided for them by the human resource team.

The benefits of line managers being involved with the human resource activities are the following:

• The line managers will feel more close to the staff which is important for both management teams because the better they know their staff, the better they can get them to show a better work performance for the organisation or business.


• If the line managers get more involved with the human resource activities, they can work together to solve any problems that could occur on a daily basis from the staff. If the staff has any enquires, they can ask a wide variety of people, rather than just the people from the human resource management team.


• The line managers will also gain more knowledge in something else such as the activities that goes on in the human resource team.


• As the line managers are responsible for the operating system of organisations, they can help the HR team by showing how all the technical systems work within the organisation so when it comes to giving the employee training, the HR team are more aware of what they are talking about (Tpub 2010)


• If they get more involved with the activities, there is a better chance for them to connect with the higher management teams.

However there are also some drawbacks of the line managers getting involved with the HR activities which are listed below:

• The line managers are not well trained to be part of the HR activities and therefore the outcome of the performance between the two teams could turn out negative.


• The relationship between the line manager and the human resource manager might not be too good and therefore could cause conflict within work, which could show a negative affect on the organisation as they are important mangers.


• The top manager might not like the idea as that is not what either of them has been signed up for. The top manager would like the line manager to get on with his/her job rather than getting involved with something that isn't part of his job as their are already other professional people doing that job.


• The whole culture of the organisation could change as people are starting to get involved with something that isn't part of their job.


• If there is a lack of communication between the two different managers, it will be showing a bad example on the employees.

Skills needed for line managers to manage people
Line managers have a big responsibility which is to make sure that the operating system within the working environment is in good quality so the environment is more safe for the employees to work. In order for them to check that everything is in perfect condition, they need to have the skill to be able to operate the technical equipment and be able to fix them if it doesn't work. If they don't have that skill, the company could lose out on a lot as the equipment are not working in order to run the business properly. Another responsibility that they have is to calculate all of the operational cost which means they need to have some financial and numeracy skills in order for them to work out the correct costing. If their working out methods of the operational costings are wrong, it could show a negative affect on the business. Line managers need to have good communication skills with the top manager as well as the employees. The reason why they need good communication skills is because they need to demonstrate a lot of things to the employees and top managers, and it is important that it is done clearly so no one gets the wrong impression or idea. The better relationship the line managers have with the employees, the better it is and in order for them to build that strong bond, they need to be able to listen carefully to what the employees have to so say. If the employees have any problems, the line manager must be able to solve the problem so the employees can depend on them. They need to be able to provide a good customer service which is also a skill, and the better the service, the better it is for the business as more customers will attend (Cipd 2010)

Line manager at Square Group

Square Group is a privately owned business which test drives all the latest apple products. The line managers at Square group have good communication skills and therefore know how to demonstrate the latest products to the employees. The line managers also have the skill to fix a technical error which could occur in the equipment or products. If their is a faulty product, the managers has the knowledge to fix it and get it working again which is good for the company. As they have good communication skills, I can also go and talk to them about any daily problems that has occurred at work. The line managers at work really understand all the employees working there and they also try to make work more fun rather than boring. They have good motivation skills, for example they give us extra time for our break and they also try and get all the working staff involved as much as possible. As we get a lot of customers and clients at work, the line managers are very good at dealing with them if they get too difficult with the employees and therefore it makes us feel more better knowing that we are not on our own when the customers show their bad side of them to us.

Job roles for an HR manager

The human resource managers have an important job as they are in charge of recruitment and making sure that the correct people are employed for the job. If they don't select the right people, the employees could leave within the next two months, and that would cost the business a lot. For this reason it is important for them to take their time and carry out interviews and role plays so they can analyse and choose the correct person for the job. They also have to learn and know all the legislation which is relevant for their business, but not only do they have to know the laws, they also have to know the company policies so they can tell the employees what the company expects from them during the job interview. HR managers have to work closely with other departments such as the line managers and they have to make sure that the line managers know the legislation relevant for them. They also have to educate them the company policies so the line managers can carry that forward with the employees. It is important that HR have good communication skills because if employees have any problems with their pay, they will go up to the HR department and mention their problem to them. Therefore HR needs to know how to solve their problem and how to make things better for them in the future, and if they are not careful with how they deal the situation, it could lead to job losses. They are also in charge of all the training programs for the new employees that have joined (Prospects 2010)

Looking at the roles of an line manager and a HR manager, I think that I have better skills to be a line manager. The reason for this is because I prefer working with employees one on one so I can help them achieve and aim higher in their career. If I get the right training to operate technical products and equipment, I believe that I will do a good job of that once I get used to it. My communication skills are good and therefore I know how to talk with the customers as well as the employees. I have good team working skills as I tend to listen to what everyone has got to say. I don't like making decisions where I only have a say in it because if the employees don't like the situation they will be in due to the decision made by me, it could lead to some de-motivated employees and even job losses. The reason why I don't think I have the skills to be a HR managers is because there will be a lot of legislation involved which the HR managers has to know fairly well. As HR managers are also in charge of recruiting, I don't have the skill to select the right person for the job, and even if I was stuck in a situation where I have to select the correct person, I don't like turning down the others as it will hurt their feelings.

Conclusion

Over all the line managers and the HR managers play important parts of an organisation and without them the organisation wouldn't do as well because there will be no one to select the right employees or even motivate employees on the shop floor. It is important that both set of managers are high trained as they have a role which will influence the other employees. The employees will look up to the line managers and if they need help with anything, they go up to them, and the employees have to make a good first impression to the HR managers as they are in charge of recruitment.

Reference

• (M.Farmer, W.Yelloley (2008) People and Organisations, 2nd edition. The main activities of human resource management. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex. Page 4)


• (Tpub (2010) Line managers responsibilities [online] available at: http://www.tpub.com/content/doe2/hdbk1114/hdbk11140009.htm [accessed at: 28/01/10])


• (Cipd (2010) The role of front line managers [online] available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/maneco/general/rolefrntlinemngers.htm [accessed at: 28/01/10])
• (Prospects (2010) Typical work activities [online] available at: http://www.prospects.ac.uk/p/types_of_job/human_resources_officer_job_description.jsp [accessed at: 29/01/10])

Team Working

Successful team working
During my time in secondary school I had to do an assignment for citizenship which was to carry out an event of our own choice in a team of four students. For our event we all decided to do a bake sale during break and lunch times for the whole week. Before starting the event, we had to do a lot of planning and structuring so everyone within the team knew what their team roles were. We had a lot of different characters and personalities within the team and therefore managed to keep on going and complete all the planned tasks. For this assignment, one member of the team had to keep a record of all the activities that went on during the events. Team member A volunteered to keep record of the group diary and she was also the person who managed to motivate everyone and keep them all going. She tried her best to get everyone involved and make them feel as if they belong in a team. Team members B and C made all the cup cakes etc which was the main thing of the whole event because that is what we were trying to sell and make a profit out of. All four team members put money in so the ingredients could be bought. Team member D went out to buy all the ingredients with the help of a friend. He also took up some of his time to carry out some research on how to make the products and how to add more flavour in them. Due to the research that he carried out, team members B and C made a wide variety of traditional cakes which attracted a lot of the students and teachers during their break and they helped us make a profit by buying the cakes. All four team members took the time to set up the stall and sell the cakes. Team member A made us all create posters and flyer's to advertise the event so more people were aware of it. This ended up being a good idea because during lunch and break times, a lot of students came to the stall and they spend a lot of money which was better for us. The whole event was a success due to good team working skills and everyone getting along with one another.

I believe that the relevant theory that we all followed was Belbin's Team roles because we all carried out different roles within the team. Team member A was the Coordinator and the Team Worker as she looked after everyone and made sure that she listened to everyone's point of view and create something out of it so everyone's idea was involved. Team member B was more the Shaper because he challenged and pushed the other team member forward so the cakes could be baked in time. Team member C was between the Implementer and the Finisher because she took her time to think things through so she could get everything accurate and perfect. She also added all the finishing touches to the cakes such as adding sprinkles and icing. Team member D was the Resource/ Investigator as he went out to do all the research on how to make the traditional cakes etc. (Changing minds.org 2010)


Tuckman's theory on group development
Tuckman was one of the team working theorist who came up with a theory which involves five different stages called Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. The first stage which is the forming stage is where the group forms together and get to know each other but not to deeply to the stage where the group members have discovered each others personalities. The next stage is the storming stage and this is when problems could occur whilst getting to know other team members. Some people could even decide to opt out because they have managed to identify that they will not be able to get along with certain team members etc. Demotivation between people could also occur as a lot of confrontation will take place and the reason why some people might want to confront other is because they want to get certain tasks done before the deadline approaches. The third stage is the norming stage and this is when most of the problems has been sorted out and team members will try and work forward rather than doing nothing. During this stage there will be a lot of tension between team members as they will be trying to complete their assignments to a reasonable standard. Performing is the stage where the team members have solved everything out between themselves and are now adding the finishing touches to their work. This stage is important because this is what could help people get a better grade or award as it shows the judges that they were a good team and have understood each other by working well in a team. The final stage is adjourning and this is when all the given tasks has been completed and group members will start to move on with other tasks, maybe with another group. The adjourning stage may be sad times for some people depending on how close the group were with each other. (J.Mullins 2007)

For the "People and Organisation" module we all had to get into teams or groups of three to four people and do an assignment on either "Motivation" or "Organisation Culture." In my group there were three people in total which was group member A, group member B and group member C. We all got to know each other and I thought that my group was very friendly and that we could all get this piece of assignment done without a problem. By forming a group and getting to know each other well, we all passed the first stage of Tuckman's theory which was "Forming." There was no problem with choosing the topic for the assignment, but as we planned to meet up during our free time, group member C found it difficult to attend to any of our meetings which than increased conflict between us all. Before handing in the assignments, our lecturer advised everyone in the class to book an appointment to present what all the groups have done so far in a PowerPoint presentation. Group member A and B got together during enterprise week and worked on the presentation, but there was no sign of group member C so the other two group members had to do the presentation by themselves. We started to get really annoyed with the other team member as he didn't contribute much to the most important part of the assignment. That was the storming stage for our group because we confronted team member C that we didn't appreciate him missing all those meetings, and we also let the teacher know about the problem that we had within our team. We got to the norming stage, the minute we got hold of team member C and we all sat down and talked about what we all had to do for our part of the assignment. During this stage we also managed to develop some positive communication skills as that was the only way we could get something done for this piece. We didn't reach the performing and adjourning stage as we didn't really get together to put all of our work into one piece. It was only team member B who got hold of all of our work and sat down to put everything together. As we ran out of time, we didn't get the chance to double check everything which is why the result of the assignment was not very good. I think that we would have passed all five stages if team member C attended to all of the meetings that we held in the university library and if we all worked together as a proper team, we could have discussed how to put together the whole piece rather than just letting team member B do all of that.

The times top 100 companies to work for

An organisation called "Penna" is a global human resource consultant group who help other businesses to improve their performance through their employees working for the business (Penna 2010). The employees who work for Penna are formed in teams and they all treat each other like family which brings them closer together and enables them to work with each other. The colleagues within the team help each other and make sure that everyone understands what they are getting on with. They try to make their job as fun as possible so they don't get bored of their job. The reason why this organisation believes that creating small teams to help other businesses is because when they go and help another organisation, the colleagues don't feel isolated when they are in a different working environment. The manager wants all the employees to feel that they belong and if they struggle with anything, they can always rely on the other team mates (Times online 2010)

Another organisation called "White Stuff" is also a success due to good team working. This business sells clothing products for men and women. (Whitestuff 2010). This business has 716 employees all over Europe and each store this business has opened, there are small teams who help each other and the manager to make the business better. The store managers have tried to make the working environment as fun as possible so the employees enjoy working there. In this business the colleagues also feel as if their part of a big family in their teams and they all enjoy and socialise outside of work. According to a staff survey, the colleagues enjoy their team members accompany and they all have fun together as well as caring for each other. This has made them feel like they belong with the organisation which has also made them want to work there in the future (Timesonline 2010)

Conclusion
Over all team working could bring success to a business because a lot of people prefer working in groups as they can ask for help from their team members if they struggle with anything. When people work in teams, the team members feel as if they belong in a group rather than being on their own and this could motivate. However the negative side of team working is that some people might be more independent and like working on their own, and if they are put in a team they might be shy or feel de-motivated. If people work in teams, they can share the activities or tasks between them so the work load can be reduced.

Reference

• (Changing minds.org (2010) Belbin's team roles [online] available at: http://changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/belbin.htm [accessed at 26/01/10])
• (J.Mullins (2007) Management and organisational behaviour. Group development and maturity. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex. Pages 309-310)
• (Penna (2010) People change performance [online] available at: http://www.penna.com/ [accessed at: 27/01/10])
• (Times online (2010) Penna, Human resources consultancy [online] available at: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/best_100_companies/article5702613.ece [accessed at 27/01/10])
• (Whitestuff (2010) Memory lane [online] available at: http://www.whitestuff.com/let-us-if-we-may-take-you-on-a-leisurely-stroll-down-memory-lane-AMKG_Memory_Lane/ [accessed at: 27/01/10])
• (Timesonline (2010) White Stuff, fashion lifestyle retailer [online] available at: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/best_100_companies/article5717426.ece [accessed at: 27/01/10])

Enterprise Week

During enterprise week, I attended to two events and the one that I preferred the most and found more interesting was the event called 5% idea and 95% effort. This event was presented by a man called Nicholas who is a very successful business man. He first started his business at the age of 22 and gained all his business knowledge from his family who were entrepreneurs. Nicholas himself was an entrepreneur and he came up with a product called "Letter Choc Box" and the whole idea of this product is to send chocolates in a ready made postage box. The chocolates can be sent for any special occasion such as birthdays, valentines days, and many more. At the front of each package there is an instruction leaflet, telling people how this product works and where to write a special little message for the receiver.
Later on during the event, he spoke about some of his achievements and the one that really inspired me was the fact that he is currently exporting in 20 different countries and he still has other countries waiting to purchase his brilliant product. Another achievement is that he is now at the stage of expanding his product by selling sweets in a box rather than chocolates because in countries where the temperature is high, the chocolates will melt and therefore will not do any good for them.
Towards the end of the presentation, Nicholas gave everyone some pointers about how to run a successful business and he told us that it would be very useful to create a business plan so you as the business owner can have everything in order and well planned out before starting the business. This particular event inspired me a lot due to the fact that this very man was a normal university student just like the rest of us and he managed to start his business at the age of 22. He came up with a simple idea and put it into practice, and today it is a very successful business. Another reason why he inspired me was because he told us that if we put our mind to it, we can just about manage to accomplish anything. He told us that if anyone has a good idea, it is always good to carry it out and see whether it is worth continuing or not. But no matter what don't think that it is impossible to accomplish something that you really believe in.
By attending this event, I have realised that I can open up my own accountancy firm and be my own boss, rather than working for a company. If I manage to come up with a good business plan, and clear aims for the business, it could lead to something useful in the future. Even though I might have to work full hours at the start, but then eventually the working hours will reduce, if the business becomes a success.

Personality

What is the different between nature and nurture?
There is a major difference between nature personality and nurture personality. There are some people who have a personality which has been inherited by their biological parents or even from their past generation and therefore they will have a nature personality. However there are also some people who don't have their own personality, and tend to create and build on to it as they grow up. They tend to develop their personality in response to the environment or even their surroundings. This type of personality is known as nurture because it changes as they are influenced by people and the environment they are in.
In order to debate whether personalities comes by nature, or if it is created by influence of the environment, there were a few people who came up with two different approaches which are the nomothetic approach and idiographic approach. According to H.Eysneck and R.Cattell, they believe that personality is something that your born with and therefore is part of nature. They came up with the nomothetic approach as they believe that there is a small number of traits involved which means that it is much measurable. They carried out more research to figure out what the small traits were, and eventually came up with 5 different ones which are:

• Extrovert
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Emotional stability
• Openness

As they thought that people's personality would fit into any of those traits, they also came up with the idea of carrying out personality tests. Personality tests are used in many organisation during recruitment, so the employer can identify which employee has the most suited personality for the job position. (H.Eysneck, R.cattell) (Nomothetic Idiographic Debate 2010)
On the other hand there are some people who debate that personality builds up and develops as the environment around them changed, and therefore cam up with the idiographic approach. G.Allport who is one of the researchers who came up with the idiogrpahic approach, believes that people cannot identify their personality by doing a test which only has five different results. People can have many different personality due to their childhood life, family life and social life. In a working environment, people's personality could change as they have to be more serious, but at home the environment is different and therefore another personality could come up. C.Rogers came up with a proceedure were he created some cards with a self evalutation statement. He than asked his someone to sort the cards out in piles in which suited them the best, and he proved that there are many different outcomes depending on the person who is sorting out the cards into piles. This approach also advises managers to take in account what the employees are like and figure out things that could motivate them at work and help them build up in their career. (C.Rogers, G.Allport) (J.Mullins 2007)
(Associated content 2010) According to an article written by Carole Billingsley both nomothetic and idiographic approaches are important because even though individuals are born with their own traits and individual uniqueness, they still need to get influenced by the environment and their surroundings in order to develop their traits. Therefore both nature and nurture are very important due to the fact that everyone grows up eventually and have to deal with the real world as they grow up which means they will get into different situations and a different personality could occur which they didn't have when they were younger.

In my point of view I think that every individual have their own personality that they were genetically born with and that personality will stick with the individual until the end. Therefore I think our personalities is half nature and half nurture because as we grow up our traits could build up due to th change in the environment and getting influenced by the different surroundings. But the personality that we have inharited genetically will be within us, but it will show in a different way depending on the situation you are in.

Results of personality tests
According to the results of the Framicon test I tend to do things in order and therefore manage to do a lot of mind solving in order and within the given time limit. I am also a very sensitive person meaning that I consider people's feelings and take my time to hear them out when they are upset or happy etc. (The Framicon 2010)
The BBC personality test results showed me that I am an introvert which means that I'm not very out going and prefer spending time on my own. It also means that I have a more serious personality which is kind of true. The results are also showing that I am hard working and dependable. (BBC personality test 2010)
These results are not 100% accurate, but they are true in some way because my personality is a very serious one and I take work very serious as well. I agree more with the BBC test results as they seem to be more accurate compared to the other one. During this test there were some very personal questions which seemed more like nurture personality questions and it looked like they tried to identify the environment I grew up in with my family and friends. The BBC personality test had five outcomes, which meant that my personality could only come under those five categories. I believe that just by answering a few questions, it doesnt indentify my whole personality and it feels as if my personality can't be anything else but what ever is mentioned in the outcomes.

Should personality tests be used as a selection tool?
I don't think that using a personality test as a selection tool would be a very good idea to select the right person for the job because people could be lying putting down false answers so they can get a better results just to get the job. If people are made to do a personality test before being selected, it doesn't give the applicant a chance to show their real personality or even enough of their personality. As this is a personality test, it doesn't allow the manager to see whether the applicant is capable of doing the job to their fullest ability.

Conclusion
Over all I believe that personality is a genetic trait but it could differ as the individual grows up due to the environment they are brought up in and the influence they will get from the surroundings. A personality test would benefit an individual as they can see what their personality is like and they can also be honest in order to get good results as no one else will be able to get access to the results. However I don't think that it would be a useful tool for job selecting as people can easily lie in the tests.

References

• (Nomothetic Idiographic Debate (2010) Personality [online] available at: http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/nomothetic-idiographic.html [accessed at: 19/01/10])
• (Associated content (2010) Personality development [online] available at: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1264043/personality_development_the_debate.html [accessed at 19/01/10])
• (The Framicon (2010) Your personal fremicon [online] available at: http://www.initforlife.com/Free/Framicon.asp?p=4 [accessed at: 19/01/10])
• (BBC personality test (2010) The big personality test [online] available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/labuk/experiments/personality/feedback/ [accessed at: 19/01/10])
• (J.Mullins (2007) Nomothetic and Idiographic approaches. 8th edition. Edinburgh, Gate, Harlow,Essex. Page 125-129)